2. Hypertension

- High BP-->atherosclerosis-->↓ blood flow-->blood pool up in the arteries--> becomes narrower-->fewer wastes products are removed from blood--> kidneys fail + wastes buildup in blood

3. Alport syndrome

- X-linked inheritance
- caused by a mutation in a gene for a protein in connective tissue (collagen).
- uncommon, most often affects males.
- damages glomeruli
- progressive destruction of the glomeruli --> blood in the urine and ↓ the effectiveness of the kidney's filtering system-->loss of kidney function + build-up of fluids and wastes in the body.

4. Analgesic nephropathy
- damage to one or both kidneys caused by overexposure to mixtures of medications, esp OTC pain remedies (analgesics).
- OTC meds that contain phenacetin or acetaminophen and NSAIDs eg aspirin or ibuprofen.
- occurs mostly women > 30

5.Glomerulonephritis
- caused by inflam of glomeruli.
- may be caused by specific problems with the body's immune system, but the precise cause of some cases is unknown.
- Damage to the glomeruli à blood and protein to be lost in the urine.

6.Kidney stone (renal lithiasis)
- small, hard deposits of mineral and acid salts on the inner surfaces of kidneys.
- Most kidney stones contain calcium.
- Common. A person who has had kidney stones often gets them again in the future.
- Risk factors include hyperparathyroidism,renal tubular acidosis and resultant nephrocalcinosis. (calcification of nephrons)

7. Obstructive uropathy
- involves a blockage of the flow of urine, causing it to back up and injure one or both kidneys.
- Common causes :
Urinary tract stones
Urinary tract tumors
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate)
Tumors of nearby organs
Colon ,cervical, uterine cancer
Any cancer that spreads
Idiopathic hydronephrosis (kidney enlargement) of pregnancy

8.Polycystic kidney disease
- Inherited kidney disorder in which multiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them to become enlarged.
- usually as an autosomal dominant trait
- more common in adults,
- In early stages -the cysts -->kidney to swell, disrupting kidney function -->chronic HTN and kidney infections.
- cysts may cause the kidneys to increase production of erythropoietin--> polycythemia

9. Reflux nephropathy
- kidneys are damaged by the backward flow of urine into the kidney.
- occurs when these one-way valves of ureter fail, allowing urine to flow back up to the kidney.
- If the bladder is infected /urine contains bacteria-->(pyelonephritis).
- pressure in the bladder is generally ↑ than in kidney --> reflux of urine exposes the kidney to unusually high pressure-->damage kidney and cause scarring.